London: Crystal Palace Int.: etching main avenue display areas

George Cruikshank, London: Crystal Palace Int.: etching main avenue display areas, 1850-1

By ELISE FINN

In Friedrich Engels The Condition of the Working Class in England in 1844, he discusses the problems that arise in a growing industrial world. People sacrifice so much of their identity in order to create an ideal. They have to let go of their true selves to fit into this urban world. This loss of uniqueness for conformity distances people from one another.

Engles says that "this isolation of the individual - this narrow-minded egotism - is everywhere the fundamental principle of modern society" (124). The more separate and same you are, the better chance you have of succeeding. The reality is that people have created "the war of all against all" (124). No more are your neighbors your friends, but they are your competition. Those who may still share commonalities have become strangers. This is the way the world works. The city only makes this selfishness worse.

Cruikshank's etching shows commoners at a gathering area, all looking similar and participating in a bland activity. Not only does this show progressing industrialization, but supports Engles observation of sameness as the answer. It shows the wealthier side, the people who have followed the same path. This is the result of how the strong has trampled the weak, a result Engles wrote about. As the world industrializes, the separateness between the rich and poor continues to grow.
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The Wave VII

August Strindberg, The Wave VII, 1892

by ELISE FINN

Inspired by William Turner's paintings in London, Swedish writer August Strindberg used a mysterious approach to create an almost undecipherable painting. In Brettell's Modern Art, this work falls into the category of Anti-Iconography, a subject that's supposed to be without interpretation, for it would strip the painting of its purpose as a painting.

Without the need to try and verbally understand this work, "the visual gain greater autonomy from words." View art as it is. Don't spend time searching for a meaning, but rather let a meaning come to you...or not.

The subject is not what makes a painting art, it's the representation of that subject. The enforced meaninglessness of anti-iconography makes it difficult for people to understand why it's a subject in the first place. It serves as a reminder to people that not everything has to have an intention.

Strindberg took a literary-charged subject and stripped it of its narrative. Instead of its representation as a calm or peaceful symbol, The Wave VII is simply a painting. The artist can intensify a subject that he denies.
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The Third of May 1808

Francisco de Goya, The Third of May 1808, 1814
by ELISE FINN

Francisco de Goya is described as a Romantic artist, yet his work almost defies stylistic classification. His early work was rococo-like as he painted many Spanish royal studio portraits. He opposed religious fanaticism, so many of his works criticized the church. He transitioned into what is known as his "black period," where he explored the dark and terrifying subconscious world. Goya thinks that evil isn't attributed to the devil, but to humanity itself.

The Third of May 1808 is the witnessed suffering of Spanish countrymen during Napoleon's invasion of Spain. This was painted after Spain regained its independence, but it shows there's no positive parts to war, only bloodshed. There is no excuse for it. Your attention is directed towards the defenseless civilians with their hands raised and covering themselves. This is when people were rounded up randomly to avenge an attack that had been taken on French forces the day before. The painting shows the French's violent response and memorializes the ones lost in the conflict. It's filled with savagery.

The lantern that divides the two forces represents the Enlightenment. It's supposed to bring reason and order to society, yet it's what separates the two sides. The Church and the crucifixion-like posture of the man represent Christianity. Religion is supposed to be the unity of humankind, so here, it's an innocence that's faced with cruelty. The brightly shining white shirt man exposes the struggle of human martyrdom.

I appreciate Goya's attempt at painting innocence versus violence. You can see the terror in the civilians eyes and the cowardice of the gun-wielding men who face away from the viewer. The lighting is my favorite part. The lantern shines against the men, almost like shining a spotlight on the injustice of the situation. In this painting, Goya uses arts as a means to not only express talent, but also portray history in an emotional way.
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The Love Letter

Jean Honoré Fragonard, The Love Letter, 1780
Coy Mistress
By ANNIE FINCH

Sir, I am not a bird of prey:
a Lady does not seize the day.
I trust that brief Time will unfold
our youth, before he makes us old.
How could we two write lines of rhyme
were we not fond of numbered Time
and grateful to the vast and sweet
trials his days will make us meet?
The Grave's not just the body's curse;
no skeleton can pen a verse!
So while this numbered World we see,
let's sweeten Time with poetry,
and Time, in turn, may sweeten Love
and give us time our love to prove.
You've praised my eyes, forehead, breast;
you've all our lives to praise the rest.

- 1997

Editor's Note: Students were asked to pair a poem and painting with no explanation of the connection.



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Odalisque With Slave

Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres, Odalisque With Slave, 1839

By ELISE FINN

Focusing his interest on historical scenes and portraits (mainly of women), Ingres paints Odalisque With Slave based on the little knowledge he actually knows about Middle Eastern culture. Ingres's favorite subject to paint was the odalisque, a female concubine living in an Ottoman household. Here, you see a reclined, exposed slave, listening to a servant's lute music. This is Ingres' Western interpretation of Middle Eastern culture. He never visited the Near East. The painting was composed in Rome. It's the perfect example of the Orientalist subject that many French painters of the Romantic era liked to focus on.

Odalisque With Slave is actually the second composition, painted from a life drawing Ingres made years earlier. The woman's positioning is similar to that of Ingres' other work. It's languid,  as if she's just draped herself on the bed. The popped hip makes the viewer wonder if she's moving her body to the music. Ingres experiments with abstracting the body, introducing more exotic and complex subjects like here with the provocative woman.

Looking towards the back, the room is enclosed. This is the confined life of the three servants. The enclosure represents the shared experience, the shared lifestyle and treatment of the bunch. The room has no exit. Although they share an experience, the odalisque has it better than most. The cup, crown, and hookah could be gifts from her master, presents to pass the time. The piece is colorful, and although Ingres wanted to emphasize contours, he thought lines to be more crucial. The patterns stand out to the eye. I notice the blue tarp underneath the woman and thought of Boucher's signature touch.

This piece is beautiful in composure but lacks meaning. Yes, it can be seen as a historical piece, but Ingres obtuse interpretation makes it not so. I appreciate the brightness and mystery of the subject's, but I don't care for the piece knowing the uneducated background.
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Smoke of a .45

Charles Marion Russell, Smoke of a .45, 1908
By ELISE FINN

Dear Farmboy,

I gift you Smoke of a .45.

Charles Marion Russell is an artist of the Old American West. He loves cowboys and the country. Needless to say, you two would get along.

When I first thought of what painting to pick, I wanted to choose something different than what I've written about so far. I started searching around and landed on Smoke of a .45. I immediately thought of you and your love of Westerns.

What's going on in the painting? Did one cowboy run his horse into the other, resulting in a gunfire showdown? Was the man outside the Palace sleeping with the cowboy's wife? Maybe the Palace man is innocent and the cowboy is just looking to start some trouble. Who knows? The interpretation is up to you. Frankly, I'd go with the third scenario...it's more exciting.

The painting reminds me of you because you grew up watching this action. You know the cowboys, the accents, and the brawls. You also know every cowboy versus Indian movie there is. I thank you for introducing me to this different world of film. Although I have seen few Westerns, my love of them grows each time we get to watch together. You name the different characters as if they're family friends of yours, and you explain what's going on when I think two characters are the same person. Through these films, I get a peek into your childhood. It's like with each movie, I learn a little more about you.

The piece is chaotic, fun, overwhelming. The point isn't to question the work's brushstrokes or use of lighting. You don't have to look for a meaning. I look at his work and feel an urge to be apart of the excitement, to be that cowboy. In another life, you would be that cowboy.

And so, I gift you this piece. Take it. Enjoy it.

Best,
Elise

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A Portrait of Madame Pompadour

François Boucher, A Portrait of Madame Pompadour, 1756

by ELISE FINN

For someone who knows nothing about the French Rococo style might think that A Portrait of Madame Pompadour is another portrait of some rich lady painted long ago. However, the portrait represents more than money and fame. It celebrates the success of an unlikely woman and incorporates the beauty of Boucher's artistic methods. 

The woman in the painting is Jeanne Antoinette Poisson, the chief mistress of Louis XV. Known modernly as an undesirable title, Madame de Pompadour took the name and made it her own. She commissioned François Boucher to paint a number of her portraits, and her fame grew within French royalty.

Boucher uses blue and pink, both popular colors of the Rococo style, to catch the attention of the viewer and direct it to the most important part of the portrait, the dress. They contrast with the gold curtains positioned next to the woman, creating this center focus on her. Boucher uses light to further focus the attention on the woman by shining the light from the window to focus on the woman's chest and face. Her pale skin shines. She sits in a relaxed position, looking away from the viewer, creating an air of importance about herself. The dog beneath her represents a symbol of loyalty, fidelity, yet its use seems ironic considering it's featured in a portrait of a mistress.

I was attracted to the slightly curved lines. The lines create the intricate ruffles of the dress, a beautiful way to bring its elegance to life. My eyes follow the ruffles of the dress and notice that they form a triangle at the bottom of the dress. Each line directs your attention to a different part of the woman's body. After looking at the portrait so many times, I realized that the background is actually a mirror, yet it does not picture the artist. The exclusion of the artist from the painting further proves the point that the mistress is the only focus. 

Although the portrait focuses on the importance of the woman, Boucher's famous use of a blue tarp in most of his paintings serves as a signature of his and informs the viewer that this work is his own.
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Art History Hotties: Auto-portrait dans des draps

Egon Schiele, Auto-portrait dans des draps, 1909

By ELISE FINN

As an enthusiast of the nude, Egon Schiele isn't afraid to show us his valuables. By valuables, I mean what artistic styles he values the most...duh. Looking at auto-portrait dans des draps, I notice the smolder Schiele gives me as I gaze upon his distorted body and the clothes that barely dress him. I feel his unwavering confidence in the piercing stare that follows his clothes as they drape over his shoulder, bringing attention to the patterns. After being in a mentor-mentee relationship with artist Gustav Klimt, Schiele's artistic development was heavily based upon Klimt's influence. I see that influence make its way into the thin, circling lines that meekly cover the artist's modesty. 

With purity out the window, I'm left looking at an figural distortion of what's supposed to be a sexually suggestive stance. Even if it's a 2D painting, I feel uncomfortable, as if I'm intruding upon the artist's privacy. Things get even more personal as I make my way down the painting, where I really get to know the artist. Exposing his nudity and therefore vulnerability, I can see that Schiele defies conventional beauty norms. Not only does he accomplish this by baring all, but also in the way his stomach looks deformed.

There is a level of emotional and sexual directness in this self-portrait, and I don't know how to feel about it. I understand Schiele's desire to create revealing and unsettling images, but I still feel like it's one of those things that you know you should look away from, but you can't. Schiele may not be considered a conventional Art History Hottie, but I think with his unique style and sexy mustache, he should make the list.
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32 Campbell Soup Cans



Andy Warhol, 32 Campbell Soup Cans, 1961
By ELISE FINN

Iconic. Eccentric. Symbolic. Mechanical. All words to describe the unique being that is Andy Warhol. His obsession with mass-produced consumer goods spurred from years as a commercial artist. He combined his experience with advertising and his love for art to create some of the most iconic pop-art paintings of the twentieth century. He had a devotion to exposing the values of society in a mechanical style. His focus on mass-produced culture became almost an obsession of his. 

32 Campbell Soup Cans is 32 individual canvases (20" x 16") lined in rows and columns. Each canvas depicts a different soup flavor, in order of the year it was produced. Warhol picked an item that's heavily manufactured and that most Americans recognize, so it's easily relatable to the viewer. The production process of this piece started with Warhol practicing the tracing of these soup cans. It's also different from most of Warhol's work because it is a combination of hand-painting work as well as stamped and printed parts. The mimicked repetition of the soup has a sort of mechanical style. The accuracy is visually pleasing which is why most people think of this specific piece when they think of Andy Warhol. After completion, Warhol discovered a new way to make his art. Transferring a photograph or picture from a source, typically a literary source, to a canvas or silkscreen is known as screen-printing. At first, the style was meant for commercial use because it was easy to mass produce, but it became an art form, and Warhol's signature process. 

With this new process, Warhol started to use the help of assistants to make his art. His reliance on others can be seen as lazy or genius. Personally, I think it takes away from Warhol's influence because you know that parts of the work weren't made by him. Knowing that an artist put his blood, sweat, and tears into a piece adds to the work's uniqueness. If others help with making a piece, I think it's important to recognize their dedication in addition to the main artist. 32 Campbell Soup Cans triggered the possibility of making works in a series. He would pick an object or a celebrity (he was obsessed with the glamour of Hollywood) and would slightly change and repeat the artwork. This piece sparked Warhol's recognition in the art world. It solidified his focus on manufactured culture and was the beginning to the pop-art culture he created.
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The Golden Wall

Hans Hofmann, The Golden Wall, 1961
By ELISE FINN

Hans Hofmann's most famous work is an abstraction of vibrant colors and shapes that distorts the viewer's idea of dimension. His work takes bold gestures, and Hofmann often uses his past pieces to inspire and perfect his new ones. He says that "a strong picture constantly suggests new ideas; shows up the weakness of others." This idea of constant reconstruction suggests years of trial and error, and his development into a dedicated artist. He was devoted to  teaching and moved his life from Germany to the United States, where he taught at universities and studios. His students learned about Hofmann's opinion on the elasticity of art, and how you shouldn't strive to be known as a naturalist or an expressionist because concepts and techniques change. Instead, he said, simply be known for memorable artwork. 

Derive inspiration from nature. Don't be minimized by an objective. Work directly from life. Hofmann paints with feeling, and not with knowing. In The Golden Wall, he uses the simplicity of shapes to create a collage of emotion. He often expresses the beauty of joining color and structure, playing with dimension. There is a purity in his use of aesthetic elements like color, luminosity, composition, and balance. His theory of push and pull creates this illusion of space, depth, and movement with abstractly using color and shape. I appreciate his opinion on how art shouldn't be created from simply an objective, but rather be created from individual inspiration.

I like The Golden Wall, along with most of Hofmann's later abstract work, because of its challenge for the eye. As a viewer, I appreciate being able to recognize the shapes within the painting, but also have my own interpretation of the undefined strokes of the orange and red. I don't feel overwhelmed by his work, but rather calmed by the combination of color and shape.
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