Alas, here comes the rise and reformation of cities everywhere. As urban capitalism spreads, Paris becomes the ultimate paradigm for change. Baron Haussmann’s renovations erupted in 1853 with new parks and avenues thanks to Napoléon III’s vast public works program. The sharp new boulevards and rows of impeccable buildings changed the cityscape and created the Paris we know today. Industrialization was greeted with praise; however, various critiques leaked. 

Gustave Caillebotte’s Paris Street, Rainy Day encapsulates the gloomy side of urban capitalism. Dark umbrellas shelter top-hatted men and women with long skirts. These monotonous figures show how modernization affects the people of Paris. The broad boulevards and uniform buildings promote a feeling of complete loneliness. Paris Street, Rainy Day shares how modern life refuses to create close relations between human beings. Caillebotte’s take on urban capitalism proves to be rather somber than praise.